Эми Кадди - Присутствие [духа]. Как направить силы своей личности на достижение успеха
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Thurman H. (1953). Meditations of the heart. Boston: Beacon Press.
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Эта книга – увлекательнейший обзор исследований по вопросам власти над другими (в особенности того, как и когда она используется). Книга написана ведущими специалистами в этой области. Adam Galinsky and Maurice Schweitzer: Friend and foe: When to cooperate, when to compete, and how to succeed at both (New York: Crown).
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Magee J. C. & Galinsky A. D. (2008). Social hierarchy: The self-reinforcing nature of power and status. The Academy of Management Annals, 2, 351–398, 351.
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Smith P. K. & Galinsky A. D. (2010). The nonconscious nature of power: Cues and consequences. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4, 918–938.
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Практически все исследования, описанные в этой главе, касаются власти над другими (социальной силы), но я считаю, что многое в них верно и для власти над собой (личной силы), поскольку и та и другая дают ощущение контроля над ситуацией.
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Tomaka J., Blascovich J., Kelsey R. M. & Leitten C. L. (1993). Subjective, physiological, and behavioral effects of threat and challenge appraisal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(2), 248.
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Qin S., Hermans E. J., van Marle H. J., Luo J. & Fernández G. (2009). Acute psychological stress reduces working memory-related activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Biological Psychiatry, 66, 25–32; Liston C., McEwen B. S. & Casey B. J. (2009). Psychosocial stress reversibly disrupts prefrontal processing and attentional control. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106, 912–917.
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Derakshan N. & Eysenck M. W. (2009). Anxiety, processing efficiency, and cognitive performance: New developments from attentional control theory. European Psychologist, 14, 168–176.
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Smith P. K., Jostmann N. B., Galinsky A. D. & van Dijk W. W. (2008). Lacking power impairs executive functions. Psychological Science, 19, 441–447.
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Stroop J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology 18 (6), 643–662.
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Todd A. R., Forstmann M., Burgmer P., Brooks A. W. & Galinsky A. D. (2015). Anxious and egocentric: How specific emotions influence perspective taking. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 144, 374–391.
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Mor N. & Winquist J. (2002). Self-focused attention and negative affect: A metaanalysis. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 638–662.
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Gendolla G. E., Abele A. E., Andrei A., Spurk D. & Richter M. (2005). Negative mood, self-focused attention, and the experience of physical symptoms: The joint impact hypothesis. Emotion, 5, 131–144.
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Gilovich T., Medvec V. H. & Savitsky K. (2000). The spotlight effect in social judgment: An egocentric bias in estimates of the salience of one’s own actions and appearance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 211–222.
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Gaydukevych D. & Kocovski N. L. (2012). Effect of self-focused attention on post-event processing in social anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50, 47–55.
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Kuehn M. M., Chen S. & Gordon A. M. (2015). Having a thicker skin: Social power buffers the negative effects of social rejection. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 6, 701–709.
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Carney D. R., Yap A. J., Lucas B. J., Mehta P. H., McGee J. & Wilmuth C. (рукопись в процессе подготовки). Power buffers stress – for better and for worse. Взято по адресу: http://faculty.haas.berkeley.edu/dana_carney/vita.html.
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Schmid Mast M., Jonas K. & Hall J. A. (2009). Give a person power and he or she will show interpersonal sensitivity: The phenomenon and its why and when. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 835–850.
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Karremans J. C. & Smith P. K. (2010). Having the power to forgive: When the experience of power increases interpersonal forgiveness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36, 1010–1023.
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Shepherd S. V., Deaner R. O. & Platt M. L. (2006). Social status gates social attention in monkeys. Current Biology, 16. R. 119, 120.
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Anderson C. & Berdahl J. L. (2002). The experience of power: Examining the effects of power on approach and inhibition tendencies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 1362–1377.
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Goodstadt B. E. & Hjelle L. A. (1973). Power to the powerless: Locus of control and the use of power. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 27, 190–196.
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Fast N. J., Burris E. R. & Bartel C. A. (2014). Managing to stay in the dark: Managerial self-efficacy, ego defensiveness, and the aversion to employee voice. Academy of Management Journal, 57, 1013–1034.
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Smith P. K., Dijksterhuis A. & Wigboldus D. H. (2008). Powerful people make good decisions even when they consciously think. Psychological Science, 19, 1258– 1259, 1258.
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Galinsky A. D., Magee J. C., Gruenfeld D. H., Whitson J. & Liljenquist K. A. (2008). Power reduces the press of the situation: Implications for creativity, conformity, and dissonance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 1450–1466.
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Hecht M. A. & LaFrance M. (1998). License or obligation to smile: The effect of power and sex on amount and type of smiling. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 1332–1342.
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Keltner D., Gruenfeld D. H. & Anderson C. (2003). Power, approach, and inhibition. Psychological Review, 110, 265–284.
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Galinsky A. D., Gruenfeld D. H. & Magee J. C. (2003). From power to action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 453–466.
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Magee J. C., Galinsky A. D. & Gruenfeld D. H. (2007). Power, propensity to negotiate, and moving first in competitive interactions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 200–212.
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Ibid.
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Guinote A. (2007). Power and goal pursuit. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 1076–1087.
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Van der Toorn J., Feinberg M., Jost J. T., Kay A. C., Tyler T. R., Willer R. & Wilmuth C. (2015). A sense of powerlessness fosters system justification: Implications for the legitimation of authority, hierarchy, and government. Political Psychology, 36, 93–110.
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Kang S. K., Galinsky A. D., Kray L. J. & Shirako A. (2015). Power affects performance when the pressure is on: Evidence for low-power threat and high-power lift. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 41, 726–735.
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Nickols R. A. (2013) The relationship between self-confidence and interpretation of competitive anxiety before and after competition (Doctoral dissertation). Взято по адресу: ProQuest. (Dissertation number 3560269.)
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Stajkovic A. D. & Luthans F. (1998). Self-efficacy and work-related performance: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 240–261.
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Еще несколько фактов: у самцов уровень тестостерона в 7–8 раз выше, чем у самок, но действует тестостерон на самцов и самок одинаково. Небольшие количества тестостерона выделяются также корой надпочечников.
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To learn more about the behaviors that correlate with testosterone and cortisol in various species, see Mehta P. H. & Josephs R. A. (2010). Testosterone and cortisol jointly regulate dominance: Evidence for a dual-hormone hypothesis. Hormones and Behavior, 58(5), 898–906.
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Sapolsky R. M. (1991). Testicular function, social rank and personality among wild baboons. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 16 (4), 281–293.
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Подробнее см. Hamilton L. D., Carré J. M., Mehta P. H., Olmstead N. & Whitaker J. D. (2015). Social neuroendocrinology of status: A review and future directions. Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology, 1 (2), 202–230; Mehta & Josephs, Testosterone and cortisol jointly regulate dominance.
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Sherman G. D., Lee J. J., Cuddy A. J. C., Renshon J., Oveis C., Gross J. J. & Lerner J. S. (2012). Leadership is associated with lower levels of stress. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109, 17903–17907.
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Обзор этих и смежных исследований о связи стресса и качества деятельности см. в LeBlanc V. R. (2009). The effects of acute stress on performance: Implications for health professions education. Academic Medicine, 84 (10), 25–33.
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Mehta & Josephs, Testosterone and cortisol jointly regulate dominance.
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Sherman G. D., Lerner J. S., Josephs R. A., Renshon J. & Gross J. J. (2015). The interaction of testosterone and cortisol is associated with attained status in male executives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Взято по адресу: http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/jenniferlerner/files/sherman_lerner_et_al._in_press_ testosterone_cortisol_and_attained_status_jpsp.pdf.
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Mehta P. H. & Prasad S. (2015). The dual-hormone hypothesis: A brief review and future research agenda. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 3, 163–168.
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Jiménez M., Aguilar R. & Alvero-Cruz J. R. (2012). Effects of victory and defeat on testosterone and cortisol response to competition: Evidence for same response patterns in men and women. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 37, 1577–1581.
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Edwards D. A. & Casto K. V. (2015). Baseline cortisol moderates testosterone reactivity to women’s intercollegiate athletic competition. Physiology & Behavior, 142, 48–51.
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Edwards D. A. & Casto K. V. (2013). Women’s intercollegiate athletic competition: Cortisol, testosterone, and the dual-hormone hypothesis as it relates to status among teammates. Hormones and Behavior, 64, 153–160.
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Lee J. J., Gino F., Jin E. S., Rice L. K. & Josephs R. A. (2015). Hormones and ethics: Understanding the biological basis of unethical conduct. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, doi: 10.1037/xge0000099; Science Daily (2015, July 28). Hormones influence ethical behavior, experts say. Взято по адресу: http://www. sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150728110809.htm.
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Fiske S. T. (1993). Controlling other people: The impact of power on stereotyping. American Psychologist, 48, 621–628.
